Industrialisation Notes

History

Ch-5 The Age of Industrialisation

Q1. (NCERT Q3) What is meant by the proto industrialisation? Discuss any four features of this period?

A1. Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe; there was a large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. This phase is referred to as the proto industrialisation. The proto industrial system was apart of a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by merchants and goods were produced by a vast number of producers within their family farms, not in factories.

1.     Large-scale production for the international market began due to the acquisition of colonies in parts of world and expansion of world trade

2.     Merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. So, they turned to the countryside, where they employed poor peasants and artisans household and supplied them money to produce goods.

3.     It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labor resources in the houses and not in the factories. Rural people could now supplement their shrinking incomes from cultivation from small land holdings.

4.     A close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but work was done mostly in the countryside.

Q2. Define the following:

1.     Proto – Indicating the first or early form of something

2.     Stapler – A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fiber.

3.     Fuller – A person who ‘fills’, that is, gathers-cloth by pleading

4.     Carding – The process in which fibers, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Q3. Why was there a boom in the production of cotton in the 19^th century?

A3. 1. The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late  nineteenth century. In 1760, Britain was importing 2.5 Million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787, this import soared to 22 Million Pounds. This increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of production.

2.  A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step     of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling)

3.  They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn (better quality). Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

4.  Now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labor, all of which had been difficult in the countryside.

5.  Invention of new technology like steam, power, machines, etc, also helped to bring boom in the production.

Q4. (NCERT Q4) Why did some industrialists in the 19^th century in Europe prefer hand labor to machines?

A4. Some industrialists in 19^th century in Europe prefer hand labor to machines because:

1.     Since there was plenty of human labour in England, thus wages were low. So, industrialists had no problem of labor shortage or high wage costs.

2.     They did not want to introduce machines and required large capital investments and repair expenses.

3.     In many industries like bookbinding, printing etc, the demand of labor was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season industrialists usually preferred hand labor employing workers for the season.

4.     A range of products could be produced only with hand labor. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for the mass market. But in the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.

5.     In Victorian Britain the upper class – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Hand made products came to symbolize refinement and class. They were better finished individually procured and carefully designed.

Q5. What were Trade Guilds? In what ways they were powerful in the towns of England?

A5. 1. These were associations of producers that trained crafts people. Merchants could not expand production within towns because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.

2.  They maintained control over production.

3.  They regulated competition and prices.

4.  They restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

5.  Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

6.  It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in town.

Q6. How did Industrialisation affect people’s lives?

A6.

1.     When open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetable, hay and straw, had to now look for alternate sources of income.

2.     Many had tiny plots of land, which could not provide work to all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.

3.     By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small ploys. Income from proto industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.

4.     With the possibility of new jobs, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and Kin relations that are they were not sure of getting jobs.

5.     Many jobs seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in the night refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to Casual wards maintained by the Poor law authorities.

6.     Also, there was a fear of unemployment due to seasonality.

Q7. How rapid was the process of Industrialisation?

A7.

1.     The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to 1840’s.

2.     After that the iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways (England-from 1840’s, colonies- 1860’s), the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873, Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about ₤ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export.

3.     The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Textiles were a dynamic sector, but a large position of the output was produced not with the factories, but outside, within domestic units. (By end of 19^th century less than 20% of the total workfare was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors)

4.     The pace of change in the ‘ traditional’ industries was not set by steam- powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many mechanised sectors such as food processing, pottery, glasswork etc.

5.     Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and people were cautious about using it. Machines of ten broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufactures claimed.

Q8. (NCERT Q1 (a)) Name one inventions devised in 1764 which speed up the spinning process. Who invented it? How did it affect the lives of the workers in general?

A8.

1.     Spinning Jenny- Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, these machines speeded up the spinning process and reduced labor demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.

2.     When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines because many women became unemployed and lost their way of earning.

3.     This conflict over the introduction of the Jenny continued for a long time.

Q0. Why is the period up to 1750 A.D before the Machine Age called ‘ Age of Indian textiles’?

A9.

1.     India dominated the international market in textiles- both silk and cotton.

2.     Finer varieties of cotton often came from India while many countries produced coarser cotton.

3.     The control of land trade routes enabled American and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia (from passes and deserts)

4.     A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports likes Surat on Gujarat coast, Masulipatnam on Coromandel Coast, Hoogly in Bengal, which had a flourishing trade link with south East Asian and Gulf countries.

5.     Organized networks of Indian textile export trade activities by a variety of Indian export and supply merchants, big shippers and brokers, suppliers of raw materials and finished goods, farmers, weavers, bankers and financiers of production. The weaving villages in the inland regions were well connected by these people with the ports in this cabin.

Q10. (NCERT Q5) How did the English East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

OR

How did the English East India Company successfully establish monopoly over Indian textile trade?

A9.

1.     By establishing political power, the English East India Company could assert the monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition with the existing traders. It would also control costs and ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk goods.

2.     By fighting competition, they established direct contact with weavers through gomastha’s who collected supplies, examined quality, supervised weavers, often physically punishing weavers.

3.     It prevented the weaver’s from dealing with other brokers and buyers through a system of advances. The loans tied the weavers to Gomastha’s as they could only supply to him.

4.     As loans flowed that in and demand for fine textiles expanded weavers eagerly took the advances. Now they leased out their lands and the whole family devoted all their time to weaving.

5.     The weavers lost space to bargain for prices and were forced to accept the miserably low prices offered by the Company. In some places, they revolted and went back to agricultural labor.

Q-11 “The beginning of 19^th century witnessed the steady decline in textile exports from India “ – Analyse the reasons.

A-11

1)    Imposing of import duties : As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries . They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

2)    Control of Indian markets : At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. There was dramatic increase in export of British cotton goods in the early 19^th century.

3)    Indian export market collapsed and the local market shrank due to influence of Manchester imports which were cheaper, durable and of fine quality.

4)    By 1860’s , a new problem faced by weavers was that they could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.

5)    When the American Civil war broke out and cotton supplies from US were cut off, Britain turned to India . Price of raw cotton shot up and weavers could not pay for it.

6)    By the end of the 19^th century , weavers found it difficult to face competition from factories which began production in India.

Q-12 How did early Indian business groups generate capital from the first Industries ? Pg 118 & 11

A-12

1)    Many Indians became junior players  in the trade with China and provided finance, procured supplies and shipping consignments. They had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.

2)    Capital was also partly accumulated from cotton shipments to England , etc. By  Bombay , Parsis.

3)    Capital was also accumulated through other trade networks with Burma, Middle East and East Africa.

4)    Some commercial groups traded within India, by banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders.

5)    When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.

6)    Seth Hukumchand set up the 1^st jute mill in India and also traded with China.

(Book Q-4 ) Q-13 Why did industrial production in India increase during first world war ?

A-13

1)    There was a decline in imports of Manchester goods into India as British mills were busy with war production for the needs of  the army.

2)    Indian mills had a vast home market to supply and so industrial production boomed.

3)    Indian industries were also required to supply war needs as the first world war progressed e.g. Jute bags, Uniform cloth, Tents, Leather boots, Horse saddles etc. This boosted the setting up of new industries in India.

4)    More employment opportunities were generated in the factories.

5)    As British economy crumbled due to stiff competition and the war, the Indian industries were able to consolidate their position and capture Indian markets.

Q-14 Discuss the circumstances that led to a shift from the production of cotton yarn to cotton production(or goods) . Pg 121 3^rd para

A-14

1)    During the 1905 Swadeshi Movement , Indian nationalists had mobilised Indians to boycott foreign goods.

2)    Indian industrial groups had began to organise themselves to protect their collective interests and demand concessions from the government.

3)    Indian yarn experts to China declined as produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded from Chinese markets.

Q-16 Why did Indian handloom production expand in the 20^th century ? Pg 122

A-16

1)    Due to technological charges , like use of looms with flying shuttles productivity increased.

2)    Several other small innovations helped weavers to complete with the mill sector.

3)    Increased demand for finer variety of cloth by rich , well-to-do-families.

4)    Hard contribution of family work force.

5)    Mills could not imtate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras could not be easily displaced by mill production. 

Q-17 Identify the main peculiarities of Industrial growth in India. (Pg 121 & 122)

A-17

1)    Industrial production in India was dominated by European managing Agencies.

2)    There was a shift from production of yarn to cloth piece production in the early years of the 20^thcentury.

3)    Industrial growth was slow in India till 1^st world war. First world war boosted industrial production in India. New industries were set up but large industries formed only a small segment of the economy.

4)    Indian industries captured the home market after the war as British Economy crumbled.

5)    Expansion of handicraft production in the 20^th century due to technological changes and other innovations.

Q-18 How did Indian industries create new consumers for their products ? (Pg 124 and 125 )

A-18

1)    Through advertisements, products were made to appear desirable and necessary. A new consumer culture was created and shaped by newspapers and magazines which carried advertisements.

2)    Company labels expected buyers to feel confident about buying the product e.g Labels like “ Made in Manchester”.

3)    Depicting images of gods, goddesses and historical figures like Maharaja Ranjit Singh and other beautiful illustrations on the products helped to create respect for the product and make it popular. Even foreign manufactures used these images to appear familiar with Indian people.

4)    Calendars were printed to popularise products as people could see the advertised product day after day. A calendar was hung in public places like tea shops, homes, and could be seen by even illiterate people.

5)    Advertisements also became a vehicle to promote the Nationalist message of Swadeshi. People were encouraged to buy Indian goods as a duty towards the nation.

Q-19 Write a note on Britain and the history of cotton.

A-19

1)    Earlier cotton production was spread all over the English countryside in village households.

2)    Cotton was the 1^st symbol of the new era of factory production which was mechanised.

3)    England imported upto 22 million pounds of cotton in the 18^th century to feed the cotton industry.

4)    A series of 18^th century inventions increased and improved cotton mill production at every step, i.e carding, twisting, spinning and rolling.

5)    Arkwright created the cotton mill which had carefully supervised production under one roof. Consequently cotton industries became one of the most dynamic industries in the 1^st phrase of industrialisation in Britain.

6)    Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19^th century.

 Q-20 Explain why the east India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

A-20

1)    The Gomasthas were paid servants appointed by the East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, examine quality of cloth and eliminate competition from other local merchants.

2)    Gomasthas were outsiders in the villages with no long term social link with them. They often displayed arrogance and punished weavers, sometimes physically, for delay in supplies.

3)    The weavers thus lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from company were very low and the loans they accepted tied them to the company and they were administered by Gomasthas.

Our Class Assembly Invitation

Physics Pre Monday Test Assignment 2

History-Novels Chapter- Random notes

These notes are not given by ritu mam, these are just random notes, just in case any one is in a need.

Novels, society and history

Questions & ANSWERS

Q1.   In which important countries were novels first published?

A1.   England and France are the countries wherenovels were first published.

Q2. What are the reasons for popularity of novels?

A2. (a) Since novels were about ordinary people and their everyday life, the readers could easily identify with the fictitious characters. The world created by novels was really absorbing and believable.

      (b) Besides, novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private as well as in public. Sometimes people would gather and a person would read out the novel. So novels produced a number of common interests.

        (c)    Novels were available in vernacular languages, used and understood by common people. Sometimes a novel may take a classic language and combine it with street language and so bring together many cultures.

        (d)   Novels encouraged people to criticize the ills of society or an inefficient administration. They would also suggest remedies to the readers.

        (e)   Novels became popular due to introduction of circulating libraries and low prices due to technological improvements in printing. Readership also grew due to innovations in marketing like hiring out novels by the hour. Improved transport and systems of communication helped to send novels to far off places.

Q3.  Explain the two types of novels. Name one author and book for each.

A3.   (a)    Epistolary – in this style the narration of the novel is in the form of a series of private and personal letters, which tell the story e.g. the 18^thCentury Novel – Pamela by Samuel Richardson.

(b)   Serialized – In a serialized novel, the story is published in installments. Each part is published in  a new issue of a magazine or journal. Magazines are cheaper and allowed readers to relish the suspense, discuss the characters and live for weeks with the story. Quite similar to the television soaps now a days. Example Charles Dickens Pickwick Papers-1836.

Q4.  Discuss some of the social changes in the 19^th Century Britain which Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens wrote about.     OR

How did most 19^th century English Novelist represent a true picture of English society?

A4.   (a)    Charles Dickens novels focused on

-     The terrible conditions of overcrowded and polluted urban life under industrial capitalism.

-     He is deeply concerned about the poor economic conditions of the unpaid as well as low paid workers. In the novel Hard Times, he criticized the factory owners for neglecting workers and for reducing human beings into simple instruments of production. He excuses them of being greedy for profits and riches.

-     His famous novel Oliver Twist reflects his anguish at the plight of children, mostly destitute and orphans in cruel work houses. He is concerned about their hardships in the world of beggars and petty criminals.

(b)   Thomas Hardy –

-       Another 19^th century novelist is concerned about the fast vanishing old rural culture in England. In his novel, Mayor of CasterBridge, he mourns the loss of more personalized world which is disappearing.

-       At the same time he is aware of the problems and advantages of the industrial order.

Q5.  Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in 18^th Century Europe.

A5.   (a)    Perfection in mechanical printing technology helped to produce multiple copies of books quickly at low cost.

        (b)   Improvement in means of transport and communication made is possible to send books to far off places.

        (c)    New groups of lower middle class people such as shopkeepers, clerks as well as traditional gentlemanly classes formed the new readership of novels in England.

        (d)   As the market for books expanded the earnings of author increased and they became financial independent. They depended on aristocratic patronage earlier. But now they could independently experiment with new literary styles.

        (e)   Novels also appealed to people especially women readers as they dealt with major issues like marriages, love etc. and also suggested remedies.

Q6.  “Social changes in Britain led to an increase in women readers”. Explain.

A6.   (a)    The middle classes became more prosperous in the 18^th Century. This gave women more leisure to read and write novels.

        (b)   Novels began to explore the world of women, their domestic life, emotions, identities, experiences and problems e.g. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.

        (c)    Women novelists earned publish recognition often their novels were about assertive and independent women who broke established norms of society and protested against the hypocrisy of elders e.g. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Women preferred reading such novels as they got of feeling of self-worth.  

Q7.  Describe any two themes on which women writers wrote in the 19^thCentury.

A7.   (a)    Domestic life – was a popular theme on which women spoke with authority. They drew upon their experience and wrote about family life and marriage with wealthy propertied husbands’ example Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice gives the glimpse of such genteel rural society of 19^th Century Britain.

        (b)   The independent assertive women

        -       Some novelists wrote about the women being bold and independent minded who dared to break the established norms of the society.

        -       Such women were shown protesting against the hypocrisy of the conservative elders with startling bluntness. Example; the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte.

Q8. What were the themes of the novels for young people in the 19^thcentury?

A8. (a) Novels for young boys idealized a new type of man who was powerful, assertive, independent, daring, heroic and honorable.

(b) Most novels were about the excitement and adventure of conquering strange lands, military action, some historical events etc.

(c) They glorified colonialism – confronting ‘native’ peoples and strangesurroundings, colonizing territories and then developing nations there e.g. R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island.

(d) Novels were about young boys who witnessed grand historical events, got involved in some military action and show what they called ‘English’ courage.

(e) Novels about love stories were popular among young girls. E.g. Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson and a series entitled What Katy Did by Sarah Coolidge.

Q9. How did European novels contribute to the growth of colonialism?

A9. (a) The novels originated in the 19^th century when Europeans were colonizing the world.

(b) The stories of adventure s into new lands made readers feel superior, heroic, courageous and honorable.

(c) They felt that it was necessary to bring civilization to the backward and primitive natives of civilized areas (called the civilizing mission).

(d) They therefore considered this civilizing mission their natural duty.

(e) On the other hand colonial people believed that the novel allowed them to explore their own identities, problems and national concerns.

Q10.         When did modern novel form develop in India and How?

A10. (a)    The modern novel form developed in India when India became familiar with the western novel i.e. in the 19^th Century.

        (b)   Novels became popular with the translation of novels into vernaculars.

        (c)    Development of print led to the production of more copies.

        (d)   There was growth of a small reading public in India.

        (e)   A need was felt by social reformers and political activists and nationalists to promote social causes and political nationalism.

Q11. Discuss the contribution of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay?

A11.  (a)    Reading and discussing novels in literary groups – Bankim read his first novel DurgeshNandini to his literary friends. It had suspense and was in pros style which was based on Sanskrit and the vernaculars i.e. ordinary language.

        (b)   He also hosted jatras i.e. open air theaters in his courtyard.

        (c)    He wrote the novel Anandmath, which inspired many freedom fighters with the spirit of nationalism. It had the words of Vendematram.

Q12.         Describe the ways in which the novels in India attempted to create a sense of pan Indian belonging.

A12.         (a)    For colonizers – the vernacular novels were a valuable source of information on Indian native life, customs, religion, beliefs, and practices.  This knowledge was useful for governing Indian society with its large varieties of community and casts.

        (b)   For the nationalists – novels created a sense of pan Indian belonging.

-       novels helped to criticize defeats and evils in society and also suggested remedies. They revealed the problems of thinking about the nation e.g. who or which religious community should form the Indian nation etc. Some novels attack divisive forces like the caste system or low status of women as compared to men. They helped to develop a new concept of womanhood and dignity for the oppressed classes, values and knowledge of various people.

-       Some novels attempted to glorify India’s past to create a sense of self-worth and self-pride.  They featured adventures and basic characters from history ready for sacrifice. Such historical novels especially in Bengal like BankimsAnandmathdepictingShivaji courage, novels about the velour of Rajputs and Prem Chands novels involving different section of societycreated sense of pan Indian belonging. They inspired freedom fighters and political movements. The qualities such as sacrifice, heroism, romance and courage in the characters of the novels could be found even in the common man of 19^th and 20^th century and this inspired nationalism.

(c)    Novels also inspired nationalistic feelings by the use of languages example – people from all walks of life could read novels and benefit from their subject matters if they shared a common languages. They became familiar with the ways in which people of other parts of the land spoke their language and also know about their life style.

(d)   many nationalist novels allowed Indians to explore their own identities and problems and national concerns. They tried to promote cultural equality with the colonizers.

Q13. What were the contributions of Indian women to literacy activities in the 19^th century in India?

A13.         (a)    Some Indian women of the 19^th century got interested in reading and writing novels but were suspected of losing their domestic positions and also getting corrupted by new ideas.

        (b)   While some women received the patronage of their husbands like Sailabala  of Bengal, other had to write in secret like Hannah Mullens, the Christian Missionary who wrote Karuna O PhulmonirBibaran - reputed the first novel in Bengal 1852.

        (c)    Some women authors wrote about those women who changed the world of both, men and women e.g. RokeyaHussein’s Sultan’s Dream in which women take the place of men.

Q14. Write the main contributions of VaikkamMuhaammad Bashar as a Novelist of Malayalam Literature.

A14. (a) Bashar had little formal education and based his works in his own rich personal experience rather than on books from the past. He would ever sell his books himself which displays fortitude. He also took part in Salt Satyagarh.

(b) His novels spoke of the details of everyday life of Muslim households.

(c)he introduced thr writing of themes which were unusual at that time like poverty, insanity  and life in prison.

(d) His short Novels and stories were written in Malayalam , the ordinary language of conversation.

(e) He became one of the early Muslim writers of 20^th century to gain wide renown as a novelist in Malayalam.

Q15. Which is Premchand ‘s best known work? What does it reflect about Indian society?

A15. Godan (the gift of cow) , published in 1936, is considered to be Prem Chand ‘s best known work. It is an epic of the Indian peasants. The novel tells about the story of Hari& his wife Dhania , a peasant couple. Landlords, moneylenders, priests and colonial bureaucrats, all those who hold power in the society-form a network of oppression who rob their land and make them into landless laborers. Yet Hari and Dhania retain their dignity till the end.

Q16. How did the Indian novels deal with the issue of caste?

A16. (a)    Many novels like Indirabai and Indulekha were written by the members of the upper caste and were primarily about upper caste characters. Indulekha dealt with the unfair marriage practices of upper castes in Kerala.

        (b)   However, most other novels were also written by writers of lower caste and were about the lives of lower caste e.g. PothariKunjambu’sSaraswatiVijayam; Mala Burman’sTitashEkti Nadir Naam and Prem Chand’s Rang Bhoomi.

        (c)    These writers made the lives of mostoppressed sections of the society worthy of mention in novels e.g. in Rang Bhoomi the main character was a beggar from an untouchable caste. Novels like these encouraged the lower castes to retain their dignity e.g. Godan. Most novels gave the message of social reforms. They strongly attacked the oppression of the lower caste by the upper caste. They stressed on the importance of education for upliftment.

        (d)   Prem Chand included characters from various classes and levels of society so that they could be seen to belong to a shared and common world. This promoted a sense of unity.

        (e)   In Prem Chand’s novels even women from lower castes are shown as strong characters and individuals even though they are not modern.

NCERT QUESTIONS

Q1B.         Explain what actions of Robinson Crusoe make us see him as a typical colonizer.

Ans.         Daniel Defoe’s Novel Robinson Crusoe reflects the colonization of the time.

(a)       Robinson Crusoe was depicted as a slave trader.

(b)       He treats colored people not as equals or as human beings but as inferiors creatures.

(c)       He rescues a native and salves him calls him Friday arrogantly and does not ask his name.

Q1C.         Explain after 1740 the readership of novels begum to include poorer people.

Ans. Novels became popular due to the introduction of circulating libraries and low prices due to technological improvement in printing. Readership also grew due to innovations in marketing like hiring out the novels by the hour, improved transport and system of communication helped to send novels to far off places.

Q3. Write a note on

A)         The Oriya novel

(a)       Ramachandra first attempted to serialize the Oriya novel Saudamini but failed.

(b)       The first major Oriya novelist was Faqir Mohan Senapati who wrote with a new topic i.e. the question of land ad its possession.

(c)       He made rural issues an important part of urban pre occupation.

B)         Jane Austen’s portrayal of women

The novelist Jane Austen popularized the traditionally accepted domestic role of women in the early 19^th century Britain who were preoccupied with marriage to a man with a good fortune.

C)         The picture of the new middle class which the novel Pariksha Guru portray

The first proper Hindi novel was written by Srinivas Das called pariksha guru:-

(a)       Cautioned Youngman of well to do families against the dangerous influence of bad company and consequently lose moral.

(b)       It teaches the right way to live with honor and dignity and how to be practical and worldly wise.

(c)       It also teaches how to be modern while still preserving traditional values and cultural identity.

Q5. Summarize the concern in both 19^th century europae and India about women reading novel. What does this suggest about how women were viewed?

Ans. (a) conservative men believed that women would get corrupted by novels which dealt with stories about rebellious, assertive and independent women who broke established norms of society.

(b) In India, people were worried about the immoral influence of novels on women and children. Novels about luv stories showed how women could control their lives to some extent by choosing or refusing partners and relationship.

(c) Some novels showed the need for women to reform their conditions by their own actions. E.g. The novel Padmarag written by a social reformer.

(d) All this was resented by suspecting orthodox men who believed that women’s place was in the homes only. They felt threatened by the idea of women’s independence as India has a male dominated society which gives low status to women.

(e) Even in the Europe people feared that women would neglect their traditional role of wives and mothers at home and there would be disorder in the homes if they started writing.

Q7.  Describe how the issue of caste was included in novels in India.

A7.   (a)    Many Indian novels offered suggestions on social reforms. The Novel InduLekha was about a burning issue of that time i.e. marriage practices of upper caste Nambuthiri Brahmins of Kerala. The Novelist ChanduMenon criticized the immorality of upper castes. He upheld the new values of independence of individuals and their right to education even if they were not upper castes.

        (b)   Novel also reflected the poor conditions, oppression and exploitation of lower castes by upper castes. The novel of the Kerala writer PotheriKunjambu called SaraswatiVijayam gave the message of upliftment through education.

        (c)    Some novels like Prem Chand’s Rangbhoomi gave importance to lower caste by making them the main characters in the novel.